What is the condition characterized by prolonged protein deficiency with edema?

The condition characterized by prolonged protein deficiency with edema is Kwashiorkor. This malnutrition syndrome typically occurs in young children who are weaning off breast milk and are not receiving adequate amounts of protein in their diet. While they may have sufficient calorie intake, the lack of protein leads to various physiological complications, including swelling due to fluid retention, or edema, primarily in the legs and abdomen.

In addition to edema, individuals with Kwashiorkor may present with a bloated abdomen, changes in hair color and texture (often described as "flag sign"), apathy, and delayed growth. This condition is distinct from others involving malnutrition, as it emphasizes protein deficiency specifically, which causes a unique set of symptoms as opposed to energy (caloric) deficiency alone.

In contrast, Marasmus is another form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency, resulting in significant weight loss and muscle wasting without edema. Malnutrition is a broader term that encompasses various deficiencies but does not specifically denote the protein deficiency with edema seen in Kwashiorkor. Obesity, on the other hand, is an excessive accumulation of body fat, which is unrelated to protein deficiency.